AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a worldwide development cooperation of car manufacturers, suppliers and other companies from the electronics, semiconductor and software industry. Since 2003 they have been working on the development and introduction of an open, standardized software architecture for the automotive industry.
The primary goal of the AUTOSAR development cooperation is the standardization of basic system functions and functional interfaces, the ability to integrate, exchange and transfer functions within a car network and to substantially improve software updates and upgrades over the vehicle lifetime. Having this goal in mind, AUTOSAR pushes the paradigm shift from an ECU based to a function based system design attempt in automotive software development and enables the management of the growing E/E complexity with respect to technology and economics.
The AUTOSAR Software Component implementation is independent from the infrastructure
A fundamental design concept of AUTOSAR is the separation between:
application and
infrastructure
An application in AUTOSAR consists of interconnected “AUTOSAR software Components”.
The image shows an application consisting of three AUTOSAR Software Components which are interconnected by several “connectors”.
Each AUTOSAR Software Component encapsulates part of the functionality of the application. AUTOSAR does not prescribe how large the AUTOSAR Software Components are. Depending on the requirements of the application domain an AUTOSAR Software Component might be a small, reusable piece of functionality (such as a filter) or a larger block encapsulating an entire automotive functionality.
However, the AUTOSAR Software Component is a so-called “Atomic Software Component”. It cannot be distributed over several AUTOSAR ECUs. Consequently, each instance of an AUTOSAR Software Component that should be present in a vehicle is assigned to one ECU.
El gigante del chip ha triplicado su contribución al núcleo Linux en los últimos dos años para alcanzar el segundo puesto, tan solo por detrás de Red Hat. Según los nuevos datos presentados por Jonathan Corbet del LWN.net en el simposium Linux de Otawa, el primer fabricante mundial de microprocesadores viene aumentando progresivamente su contribución al kernel Linux desde el 2,3 por ciento en 2007, al 4,1 en 2008, alcanzando el 6,9 por ciento en 2009. Cifras muy relevantes para una empresa de hardware.
Red Hat, Novell o IBM son importantes empresas de software que mantienen fuertes inversiones y unidades de negocio en Linux, por lo que tiene sentido que contribuyan en gran medida a su núcleo. Sin embargo, puede sorprender que Intel sea ya la segunda, de un total de 339 empresas que a través de 2.559 desarrolladores habrían añadido 4,8 millones de líneas de código en 2008 al kernel Linux.
Dirk Hohndel, responsable en Intel de Linux y de tecnologías de código abierto, indica que la contribución de tantas empresas “es un signo de fortaleza de la comunidad Linux y muestra lo importante que es el sistema libre”. Pero ¿por qué un gigante del hardware se toma tan en serio su contribución al software de código abierto y no deja de aumentar el número de desarrolladores destinados al sistema? En CNET explican que el compromiso de Intel con Linux sería una cobertura a su larga asociación con Microsoft.
La alianza WinIntel que domina con mano firme el mercado de consumo de PCs no alcanza a otros segmentos como dispositivos portátiles de Internet, smartphones o sistemas embebidos donde predomina Linux y microprocesadores de arquitectura ARM. Intel pretende copar todos los segmentos del mercado e igual que no tuvo problema alguno en llegar a un acuerdo estratégico con Apple para motorizar los Mac (máximos rivales de Microsoft), ahora pretende entrar por la puerta grande en smartphones, embebidos o netbooks incluso con una plataforma propia como Moblin con núcleo Linux. El interés de Intel es claro, estar a la cabeza del mercado en venta de microprocesadores, desde servidores a sistemas embebidos.
¿Dominará Linux la electrónica de consumo mundial? Así lo cree Jim Zemlin, presidente de la fundación Linux, señalando la importante tendencia en el sector tecnológico para el crecimiento y adopción del sistema abierto durante un discurso en el evento Maemo celebrado en Amsterdam. La mayor flexibilidad, libertad y ausencia de costes por pago de licencias, permitirá a Linux convertirse en la mayor plataforma mundial de la electrónica de consumo, estima, apoyada principalmente en el segmento móvil y en sistemas embebidos.
De hecho, la plataforma Linux ha aumentado considerablemente su importancia y extensión en la electrónica de consumo proporcionando la base de innumerables productos como set-top-boxes, lectores de libros electrónicos, teléfonos móviles y segmento de integrados/embebidos, resalta Zemlin indicando algo obvio:“la plataforma sólo avanzará con ayuda de los fabricantes”. “Tardará un tiempo hasta que las compañías se den cuenta de los beneficios del código abierto pero les aseguro que eso sucederá”, explica el responsable de la fundación que gobierna Linux poniendo de ejemplo a nuevos actores como Intel -segundo contribuyente mundial al kernel- o Nokia “que están utilizando importantes recursos para mejorar tecnologías de código abierto”.
“Lógicamente las empresas se esfuerzan para cumplir sus propios objetivos pero indirectamente ayudan a otros colaboradores”, dice Zemlin que apuesta por mostrarles los beneficios de una participación de alto nivel para atraer más compañías al ecosistema.
Zemlin especuló además con el aumento del “hardware subvencionado” hasta “coste cero” con plataforma Linux por las operadoras móviles y proveedores de servicios de Internet en el segmento de smartphones, MIDs y netbooks. Una tendencia que va en aumento aunque ni a coste cero -hay que “atarse” a la operadora y pagar religiosamente tarifas de voz y datos- y que además no impide que integren sistemas propietarios.
Aún así, Zemlin se muestra confiado en el crecimiento de Linux en la electrónica de consumo hasta alcanzar a la mayoría de dispositivos. Una previsión que contrasta con la débil implantación en los ordenadores de consumo como señalaban nuestros compañeros de MuyLinux, aunque se trate de segmentos diferentes del mercado.
Linux is a free Unix-like operating system that runs on a variety of platforms, including PCs. Numerous Linux distributions such as Red Hat, Debian and Mandrake bundle the Linux OS with tools, productivity software, games, etc.
The Linux scheduler, like that of other OSes such as Windows or MacOS, is designed for best average response, so it feels fast and interactive even when running many programs.
However, it doesn’t guarantee that any particular task will always run by a given deadline. A task may be suspended for an arbitrarily long time, for example while a Linux device driver services a disk interrupt.
Scheduling guarantees are offered by real-time operating systems (RTOSes), such as QNX, LynxOS or VxWorks. RTOSes are typically used for control or communications applications, not general purpose computing.
Linux has been adapted for real-time support. These adaptations are termed “Real-Time Linux” (RT Linux).
Numerous versions of RT Linux are available, free or commercial. Two commonly available free RT Linux versions are
the Real-Time Application Interface (RTAI), developed by the Milan Polytechnical University and available at www.aero.polimi.it/~rtai/
RTL, developed by New Mexico Tech and now maintained by FSM Labs, Inc., with a free version available at www.rtlinux.org.
These RT Linux systems are patches to the basic Linux kernel source code. Instructions for building an RT Linux system from a the Linux source code are provided with these RT Linux systems. Briefly the process involves setting up the basic Linux system, getting the latest Linux kernel source code from www.kernel.org, patching the kernel source code, and compiling the patched kernel. More information on RT Linux in general is provided in [AEO].
A non-profit corporation for the real-time Linux community
Goals
to serve as an entry point for newcomers to the real time Linux community;
to bring together all interested parties in open discussion on implementation and standardization;
to provide good documentation on existing implementations, solutions and projects;
to identify companies providing real time Linux services and solutions;
to create a positive feedback loop between real time Linux developers, users, industry and academia for promoting fast development;
to make real time Linux the number one choice for real time operating systems and help to make open source enter the embedded and real time marketplace.
The Open Source Automation Development Lab aims to promote and support the development of Open Source software for the automation industry. OSADL is an international cooperative registered in Germany and accepts member companies from all over the world. In addition, universities and other research institutions may become academic OSADL members.
Among others, OSADL acts as a “purchase community”: The membership fees are used to delegate the development of Open Source software projects the majority of members has requested or at least agreed to. Current projects are focused on Realtime and Safety Critical Linux, on Board Support Packages, on an RTDM compatibility layer, and many other topics relevant for the automation industry.
The standard setup uses a Motorola 68HC908 microcontroller, the Windows operating system on the PC, and Matlab. An alternative setup was chosen, using a PIC18F4520 microcontroller, Fedora 8 Linux on the PC, and GNU Octave. This alternative setup allowed for an easier to implement software design, which outperformed other designs on a variety of levels.
Purpose
This case study provides details on how Fedora 8 Linux was used and relied on in an academic laboratory project. The motivation for choosing Fedora is outlined, and the advantages afforded by this
choice are discussed. In addition, the ability to use necessary proprietary software in Fedora 8 is discussed. Block diagrams of specific parts of the design are presented, to aid in illustrating how a
Linux system was used to accomplish the goals of the project. Due to concerns over possible plagiarism by future students, the specific results of the project have been omitted, but are available from the authors upon request.
Conclusion
By choosing a free software system, a superior software design was achieved, at no cost, in a university engineering laboratory setting. This design was more flexible than designs based on proprietary software, with a shorter development schedule. This project may serve as an example of how engineering students can use Fedora Linux in their education, especially in a demanding course in engineering design.
The four pages study is available clicking the title.
Open Source Ecology is a movement dedicated to the collaborative development of tools for replicable, open source, modern off-grid “resilient communities.” By using permaculture and digital fabrication together to provide for basic needs and open source methodology to allow low cost replication of the entire operation, we hope to empower anyone who desires to move beyond the struggle for survival and “evolve to freedom.”
By our analysis, most of the technologies needed for a sustainable and pleasant standard of living could be reduced to the cost of scrap metal + labor. There is immense potential for social transformation once this technology is fully developed for building interconnected self-sufficient communities, since people will be freed from material constraints and able to seek self-actualization.
We understand that this is an ambitious task, but we have accomplished much and are making rapid progress. Factor e Farm is the land-based facility where we are putting this theory into practice. Our means of achieving these goals are meticulously detailed in the “Resilient Community Construction Set” (formerly known as the GVCS) and the OSE Proposal.
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The image shows an application consisting of three AUTOSAR Software Components which are interconnected by several “connectors”.
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